Federation and the Constitution
On 1 January 1901, the six separate British colonies united to form the Commonwealth of Australia. This event is known as Federation.
The Australian Constitution is the supreme legal document that established the federal government, defined its powers, and separated power between the Commonwealth and the states.
Changing the Constitution (Referendum)
The Australian Constitution can only be altered through a national vote called a referendum.
To pass, a referendum requires a double majority:
1. A national majority of all voters across Australia voting 'Yes'.
2. A majority of voters in at least 4 out of the 6 states voting 'Yes'.
The Three Levels of Government
Australia operates under a federal system with three distinct tiers of government:
1. Federal / Commonwealth Government:
- Headed by the Prime Minister.
- Responsibilities: National defense, foreign affairs, immigration, trade, taxation, currency, and social security.
2. State and Territory Governments:
- Headed by a Premier (in states) or Chief Minister (in territories).
- Responsibilities: Hospitals and public health, schools, policing, roads and public transport, housing, and emergency services.
3. Local Government (Councils / Shires):
- Headed by a Mayor or Shire President.
- Responsibilities: Local roads and footpaths, garbage collection, town planning and building permits, public parks, and local libraries.